Stahlhelms Evolution of the German Steel Helmet Book Review

German steel helmet for soldiers

Stahlhelm
M35 on display inside Historical Museum Rotterdam.
Blazon	Gainsay helmet
Place of origin	Germany
Service history
In service	1916–1992
Used past	See Users
Wars	World State of war I High german Revolution Chinese Civil War Winter War Globe War 2 Korean War
Production history
Designer	Dr. Friedrich Schwerd
Designed	1915
Produced	1916
Variants	Encounter Variants

The Stahlhelm ( 'steel helmet' ) is a German military steel helmet intended to provide protection confronting shrapnel and fragments of grenades. The term Stahlhelm refers both to a generic steel helmet and more specifically to the distinctive German military machine design.

The armies of major European powers introduced helmets of this type during World State of war I. The German Army began to supercede the traditional boiled leather Pickelhaube ( 'spiked helmet' ) with the Stahlhelm in 1916. The Stahlhelm, with its distinctive "coal scuttle" shape, was instantly recognizable and became a mutual chemical element of propaganda on both sides, just like the Pickelhaube before it. The name was also used past Der Stahlhelm, a German first World War ex-servicemen'due south organisation existing from 1918 to 1935. After Earth State of war II, the German Bundeswehr (English: Federal Military machine) continued to phone call their standard helmet Stahlhelm, only the pattern was based on the American M1 helmet. The Bundesgrenzschutz (English: Federal border service), however, connected to employ the original German language blueprint, until both troops switched to the new M92 Aramid helmet.^{[ clarification needed ] [1]}

Development [edit]

At the first of Earth War I, none of the combatants were issued with any grade of protection for the head other than cloth and leather caps, designed at most to protect against sabre cuts. When trench warfare began, the number of casualties on all sides suffering from severe caput wounds (more oftentimes caused by shrapnel bullets or shell fragments than past gunfire) increased dramatically, since the head was typically the most exposed role of the body when in a trench. The French were the beginning to see a demand for more protection—in mid-1915 they began to issue Adrian helmets to their troops.^{[2] [3]} The British and Commonwealth troops followed with the Brodie helmet (a development of which was also later worn by US forces) and the Germans with the Stahlhelm.

As the German army behaved hesitantly in the development of an effective head protection, some units developed provisional helmets in 1915. Stationed in the rocky expanse of the Vosges the Army Detachment "Gaede" recorded significantly more head injuries caused past rock and shell splinters than did troops in other sectors of the front. The artillery workshop of the Army Disengagement developed a helmet that consisted of a leather cap with a steel plate (6 mm thickness). The plate protected non only the brow simply also the eyes and nose.^{[four] [5]}

The helmet was quite deep relative to the thickness of the steel; one American company that tried to printing similar thickness steel into the shape of the much shallower Brodie helmet was unable to practice so.^[6] The helmet was bullet-resistant to pistol such as 9mm Luger and 45 ACP that would just paring the surface.

History [edit]

The design of the Stahlhelm was carried out by Dr Friedrich Schwerd of the Technical Found of Hanover. In early 1915, Schwerd had carried out a study of head wounds suffered during trench warfare and submitted a recommendation for steel helmets, shortly later which he was ordered to Berlin. Schwerd and then undertook the task of designing and producing a suitable helmet,^[7] broadly based on the 15th-century sallet, which provided good protection for the head and neck.^[viii]

After lengthy evolution piece of work, which included testing a selection of German language and Centrolineal headgear, the kickoff stahlhelm were tested in November 1915 at the Kummersdorf Proving Ground then field-tested by the 1st Assault Battalion. Thirty grand examples were ordered, only it was not approved for full general result until New year's day of 1916, hence it is most usually referred to equally the "Model 1916". In February 1916 it was distributed to troops at Verdun, following which the incidence of serious head injuries fell dramatically. The first German troops to apply this helmet were the stormtroopers of the Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr), which was commanded by helm Willy Rohr.

In contrast to the Hadfield steel used in the British Brodie helmet, the Germans used a harder martensitic silicon/nickel steel. As a result, and also due to the helmet's grade, the Stahlhelm had to be formed in heated dies at a greater unit price than the British helmet, which could be formed in one piece.^[9]

Like the British and French, German troops identified highly with their helmets, as information technology became a popular symbol of paramilitary groups after the First World War. Such was the attachment of the Globe War I generation to the pattern that it was reportedly the reason that Hitler rejected a modernised, sloping helmet design to replace information technology.^[10]

Stahlhelm utilise in other countries [edit]

Federal republic of germany exported versions of the M1935 helmet to various countries. Versions of the M1935 Stahlhelm were sent to Republic of Red china from 1935 to 1936 and the M1935 was the primary helmet of the Chinese Nationalist Army during World War II. Spain likewise received shipments of the helmet. During the inter-war years, several military missions were sent to South America under the command of Hans Kundt, after Chaco War the Bolivian army used to clothing the helmet upwardly until recently. The exported M1935 helmets were similar to the German issue, except for a different liner.

Some countries manufactured their own helmets using the M1935 design, and this bones pattern was in use in various nations as late equally the 1970s.

The Germans allowed and assisted the Hungarians in copying their design of the M1935 steel helmet. Therefore, the WWII-produced M38 Hungarian steel helmet is nearly identical to the German M1935. Both take almost the same shape, riveted ventilation holes, and the classic rolled edge. Differences include somewhat rougher Hungarian finishing, a different liner and dissimilar rivets position – the dissever pins are situated behind the ventilation holes. A square metal bracket is riveted on the rear, to a higher place the back brim; used to secure the helmet to the knapsack while marching. It was typically painted in Hungarian brownish-greenish, albeit bluish-grey versions existed. It is sometimes chosen the "Finnish M35" due to its all-encompassing use by the Finnish Army during the Continuation War 1941–44.

After the finish of Earth War I Poland seized large quantities of M1918 helmets. Most of those were later sold to various countries, including Espana. All the same, at the stop of the 1930s, it was discovered that the standard Polish wz. 31 helmet was unsuitable for tank troops and motorized units; while offering decent protection, it was too large and heavy. As a finish-gap measure before a new helmet was developed, the General Staff decided to event M1918 helmets to the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade, which used them during the Shine Defensive State of war.

During the fourth dimension of the Warsaw Uprising the helmet was also worn past the members of the Polish Home Army and it was during this time that the helmet became the symbol of the resistance, equally every Stahlhelm worn by a soldier of the hole-and-corner army signified a dead German occupier it was taken from.

In November 1926, the Irish Defense Forces decided upon adopting the German Stahlhelm. However, when the Irish government contacted the German language Foreign Part with a request for a sample they were informed that Germany was barred from exporting steel helmets by the Treaty of Versailles. The Irish then turned to London based Vickers, ordering v,000 copies of a model closely resembling the M1918 helmet. The helmet remained in employ until information technology was replaced by the British Mark Ii model in 1940. Following the outbreak of World War II, the helmets became the subject of anti-Irish gaelic propaganda originating in Britain. A large number of the withdrawn helmets were reissued to various emergency services after being painted white.^[11]

Switzerland used a helmet, designated the M1918, that was roughly similar to the M1916 merely had a shallower, wider and more rounded crown and skirt. This was to protect against the harsh winter winds of the alpine regions.

The Chilean Army was a prolific user of the Vulkanfiber models, bought earlier the Second World War, along with a few M1935 and Czechoslovak M32 helmets.^[12] After the state of war, local production of lightweight fiber and plastic models started, which are nevertheless in ceremonial & garrison apply today.^{[xiii] [14]} Small runs of steel helmets were made by FAMAE in the 80's, but ultimately were non adopted due to the ascendance of kevlar and constructed ballistic fiber helmets by that time.^[xv] A Stahlhelm with crossed bayonets and the corresponding number is the standard insignia of infantry regiments.

The Argentine Army adopted a similar model, made of pressed fibre, during World War II, reflecting the traditional sympathy towards Germany found in many of the officers. For combat and provincial police force use, imported Swiss M1918 Helmets were still in service as tardily every bit 1976.

In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, due to large quantities captured by World War Ii Partisans, the Stahlhelm was used in Yugoslav People's Army up to 1959, when it was phased out and replaced by the M59/85 steel helmet.

Postwar [edit]

After Globe War 2, West Federal republic of germany's Bundesgrenzschutz edge guards and some West German police units kept the Stahlhelm in their inventories (law units can be seen wearing them during footage of the Blackness September hostage crunch in 1972), and the Fallschirmjäger variant was used for some time past the GSG 9. With the re-armament of Westward Germany the Bundeswehr introduced the United states Army M1 Helmet which was replaced by a Kevlar helmet (Gefechtshelm), similar to the modernistic Usa helmets, in the 1990s. German language firefighter units today still use Stahlhelm-shaped helmets in a fluorescent color.

East Federal republic of germany'south National People's Regular army Grand-56 helmet was modelled on an unused 1942 High german design with a more conical shape.^[xvi] The Chilean Regular army still uses the Stahlhelm blueprint for formalism purposes, as well as the Bolivian Regular army. There are also some Japanese cycle helmets (with accompanying goggles) that resemble the Stahlhelm. Many schools and universities in Mexico such as the Democratic Academy of Baja California accept military machine bands that use or resemble the M35 Stahlhelm.^[17]

The U.S. Regular army'south 1980s and 1990s era Kevlar Personnel Armor System for Footing Troops Helmet was sometimes called the "Fritz helmet" for its resemblance to the Stahlhelm. The U.S. Regular army and Marines accept continued to apply a design alike to the PASGT helmet with the MICH TC-2000 Gainsay Helmet and Lightweight Helmet, respectively.

The Chinese People'south Liberation Regular army soldiers still used M1935 helmets which were captured from the Chinese Nationalist Army during the Chinese Civil War until the 1970s.

Since 2012, El Salvador's Policia Nacional Civil use a navy/indigo bluish-coloured helmet that strongly resembles the Stahlhelm; this helmet is used by some members of the anarchism-command unit and rarely used by the Police'south assault teams.

• 

  German language firefighting helmet

• 

  Finnish AA-MG coiffure in 1942. The soldier in the center has a German M1916 and the others have Hungarian M38 helmets

• 

  German Ceremonious defense Stahlhelm with wider, flared peak in use from the 1940s until the 1990s

• 

  Afghan Ground forces soldiers wearing Stahlhelme, 1950s

• 

  Ukrainian Euromaidan protester wearing Stahlhelm with SS insignia, 2014. The inscription says "Putin, remember or you lot'll end upwardly like Hitler".

Variants [edit]

The different Stahlhelm designs are named for their yr of introduction. For example, the Modell 1942 which was introduced in 1942 is commonly known as M1942 or simply M42. Here, they are referred to by their M19XX names.

M1916 and M1917 [edit]

Additional steel brow plate or Stirnpanzer on a Stahlhelm

The Stahlhelm was introduced into regular service during the Verdun entrada in early 1916.

The M1916 design had side-mounted horn-similar ventilator lugs which were intended to be support for an additional steel forehead plate or Stirnpanzer, which only e'er saw limited use by snipers and trench raiding parties, equally it was likewise heavy for general use.^[eighteen]

The beat came in dissimilar sizes, from 60 to 68, with some size 70s reported. Helmet weight varied from 0.98 kg to 1.4 kg, depending on shell size. The pause, or liner, consisted of a headband with 3 segmented leather pouches, each holding padding materials, and leather or fabric cords could be adapted to provide a comfortable fit. The one-piece leather chin strap was attached to the shell by M1891 chinstrap lugs, the same kind used in the Pickelhaube helmet.

The M1916 design provided splendid protection: Reserve Lieutenant Walter Schulze of 8th Company Reserve Infantry Regiment 76 described his gainsay introduction to the helmet on the Somme, 29 July 1916:

... suddenly, with a great clanging thud, I was hit on the brow and knocked flying onto the flooring of the trench... a shrapnel bullet had hit my helmet with great violence, without piercing it, merely sufficiently hard to dent it. If I had, as had been usual upwardly until a few days previously, been wearing a cap, then the Regiment would have had one more man killed.^[19]

But the helmet was not without its flaws. The ventilator horns often let common cold air in during the winter, requiring the wearer to cake the vents with mud or fabric. The big, flared skirt tended to make it hard for soldiers to hear, distorting surrounding sounds and creating an echo when the wearer spoke.

Originally painted Feldgrau (field grey), the Stahlhelm was oft camouflaged by troops in the field using mud, leafage, cloth covers, and paint. Official outcome cloth covers in white and grey appeared in late 1916 and early on 1917. Camouflage pigment was non formally introduced until July 1918, when German Army Guild 2, No 91 366, signed past General Erich Ludendorff on 7 July 1918, outlined official standards for helmet camouflage. The order stipulated that helmets should exist painted in several colours, separated by a finger-wide black line. The colours should be relevant to the flavor, such equally using green, chocolate-brown and ochre in summer.^[eighteen]

After the effectiveness of the M1916 design was validated during the 1916 campaigns, incremental improvements were subsequently fabricated. The M1917 version saw improvements to the liner just was otherwise identical to the original design.

M1918 [edit]

All-encompassing redesigns were made for the M1918 model. A new ii-piece chin strap was introduced and was attached directly to the helmet liner rather than the shell. Sure examples of the M1918 had cutouts in the rim forth the sides of the helmet. It has incorrectly been said that these cutouts were to conform using headphones while wearing the helmet. These cutouts were actually washed to improve hearing and to reduce repeat created by the large, flared skirt.

The M1918 Stahlhelm can be distinguished from the M1916, as the M1918 shell lacks the chinstrap rivet on the lower side of the helmet skirt establish on before models.

Austro-Hungarian variants [edit]

Austro-Hungarian soldiers at the Isonzo front with Stahlhelmen.

The Austrian Berndorfer variant.

Austria-Hungary purchased about 416,000 High german helmets from Nov 1916 until the end of the war and also began its own licensed production starting in May 1917. Around a one thousand thousand Stahlhelm of all variants were issued until the cease of the state of war.^[20]

Austrian M17 [edit]

The Austrian M17 helmet was similar to the German language M16 but was coloured gilded-brown (known as Isonzo-braun), had a textile chinstrap and had the chinstrap rivet located higher up on the steel vanquish. From May 1917 till the stop of World State of war I 534,013 were produced,^[20] many of which were manufactured at the Krupp in Berndorf, Lower Austria. Other product locations included:

• Adolf Westen factory Celje, present day Slovenia
• Brunn am Gebirge, nowadays twenty-four hour period Austria
• C. A. Scholtz Mateocz, present solar day Slovakia
• Bruder Lapp, Rottenman u. Warcholowsky
• Nădrag, present twenty-four hours Romania
• Reșița, nowadays day Romania
• Gebruder Bohler & Co. in Kapfenberg, present day Austria.^[21]

Hungarian M18 [edit]

The Hungarian M18 variant was similar to the Austrian M17 design, but the chinstrap rivet was smaller in size and located fifty-fifty higher upwards than the Austrian version. It was coloured in golden-brown (known as Isonzo-braun). These were manufactured at the Krupp in Berndorf, Lower Republic of austria.

Berndorfer variant [edit]

There was besides a quite different, domestically developed Berndorfer variant. 139,968 were produced from May till Nov 1917 at the Krupp in Berndorf, Lower Austria^[twenty]

Ottoman variant [edit]

The formation in 1917 past the Ottoman Empire of stormtrooper battalions following the High german model prompted the requirement for steel helmets, as these had not previously been adopted. Although German helmets were ordered, Ottoman officers believed that the pattern impeded the soldiers' power to hear orders in the field and requested that the visor, ear and neck protectors be removed, which was done using grinding machines.^[22] Federal republic of germany delivered 5,400 visorless versions of the M1918 helmet for the Ottoman Empire. The missing front visor was thought by the Germans to be for religious reasons,^[23] and it was claimed that information technology was to let Turkish soldiers to bear upon their foreheads to the ground during prayer, without removing their helmets. However, this story has been disputed. The Turks rejected any more than the v,400 delivered and an unknown number from the overrun were issued to German language armed forces and were used by German Freikorps units after the state of war.

M1933 [edit]

German Reichswehr soldiers wearing WW1 Stahlhelme, only with the new insignia.

M1933 Stahlhelm used by Feuerpolizei personnel during the Dritte Reich.

In 1932 the Army High Command ordered the testing of a new epitome helmet intended to replace the older models. It was made entirely from a composite plastic material called "Vulkanfiber". The Model 1933 Vulkanfiber helmet kept the basic form of previous helmets simply was much lighter. It was put into limited product following favourable field tests in early 1933 and small numbers were issued to Reichswehr infantry, artillery and communications units. It was removed from service following the introduction of the M1935 helmet and most of the remaining stock were reissued to civil organizations such equally fire brigades and constabulary forces.^[24] Some examples were also retained for parade apply past senior officers, who were not generally issued with the Stahlhelm.

M1935 [edit]

In 1934 tests began on an improved Stahlhelm, whose blueprint was a development of World War I models. The Eisenhüttenwerke visitor^{[ clarification needed ]} of Thale carried out prototype pattern and testing, with Dr Friedrich Schwerd once again taking a hand.

The new helmet was pressed from sheets of molybdenum steel in several stages. The size of the flared visor and skirt was reduced, and the large projecting lugs for the obsolete armour shield were eliminated. The ventilator holes were retained simply were set in smaller hollow rivets mounted to the helmet'southward shell. The edges of the shell were rolled over, creating a shine edge along the helmet. Finally, a completely new leather suspension, or liner, was incorporated that profoundly improved the helmet's safety, adjustability, and comfort for each wearer. These improvements made the new M1935 helmet lighter, more meaty, and more comfortable to wear than the previous designs.

The Ground forces's Supreme Command within the Third Reich's Wehrmacht combined armed forces officially accepted the new helmet on June 25, 1935 and it was intended to replace all other helmets in service.^[24]

Liner arrangement used in M35, M40 and M42 Stahlhelmen

More than than 1 meg M1935 helmets were manufactured in the first two years afterward its introduction, and millions more were produced until 1940 when the basic design and production methods were changed.

Civil defence variant [edit]

1944 pattern Luftschutz helmet

In 1938, the Germans developed a variant of the Stahlhelm with a wider, flared peak and ventilation holes originally intended for firefighters, civil defence force, Reichsarbeitsdienst, and Luftschutz personnel.^{[25] [26]} Known equally the gladiator design, the privately purchased Luftschutz helmet was originally made from three pieces of steel and typically painted blackness or dark blue.^[27] Later in the war these were issued to Volkssturm personnel, and sometimes repainted in Feldgrun.^{[28] [29]} By 1944, the helmets were stamped from a unmarried steel canvas, and the original cloth lining replaced with vinyl to reduce costs.^[30] Due to the relatively pocket-sized number produced, original helmets from the war years are considered rare.^[31] All the same, a modified postwar version in fluorescent green, white or xanthous continued to be issued to rescue workers in the Bundesrepublik until the early 1990s.

M1940 [edit]

The M1935 pattern was slightly modified in 1940 to simplify its construction, the manufacturing process now incorporating more than automated stamping methods. The chief alter was to postage stamp the ventilator hole mounts directly onto the shell, rather than utilizing divide fittings. In other respects, the M1940 helmet was identical to the M1935. The Germans still referred to the M1940 as the M1935, while the M1940 designation were given by collectors.^[32]

Fallschirmjäger version [edit]

Fallschirmjäger in 1943/1944

Salvaged helmets converted into saucepans at the cease of World State of war Ii.

A variant of the M1935 helmet with a shell lacking the projecting visor and deep flared rim was issued to Fallschirmjäger (High german paratrooper) units. Information technology was so designed in order to lessen the run a risk of head injury on landing after a parachute spring; also to reduce the pregnant wind resistance and resulting neck trauma. Early Fallschirmjäger helmets were manufactured from existing M1935 helmets by removing the undesirable projections, which were omitted when the new design entered full product.^[33] The modified beat likewise incorporated a completely different and more than substantial liner and chinstrap blueprint that provided far more protection for German airborne troops. The chinstrap featured a four-point retentiveness organisation that has come up into apply again by modern combat helmets such as the MICH since the late 1990s.

M1942 [edit]

The M1942 design was a issue of wartime demands. From straight orders of the Führer, to 'maintain intimidation but reduce toll'. The rolled edge on the beat out was eliminated, creating an unfinished edge forth the rim. This edge slightly flared out, along the base of operations of the skirt, reducing the protection the helmet gave. The elimination of the rolled edge expedited the manufacturing process and reduced the amount of metal used in each helmet. Shell paint colours were typically matte grey-green (Heer) or grey-blue (Luftwaffe), and the decals were eliminated in 1943 to speed up product and reduce the helmet'due south gainsay visibility. Greater manufacturing flaws were also observed in M1942 helmets made late in the war.^[34]

M1944 [edit]

A simpler variant, designed in 1942 by the Institute for Defence force Technical Materials Science in Berlin, was also stamped out of i piece of metal, but with sloped sides. It was similar in appearance to the British 1944 Blazon Mk III helmet.^[35]

M1945 [edit]

There accept been reports of a variant manufactured in the last months of the war. The M1945 was reported to have been similar to the M1942 design but did abroad completely with the ventilator. These helmets are reported to exist extremely rare. Many collectors and historians are of the opinion that the M1945 helmet is just a regular M1942 helmet that lacked the vents simply because of machine malfunctions in the factory, or unfinished M1942 that were completed in the postal service-war era.^[34]

M1954 [edit]

A variant of the M1944 with a modified suspension system developed further into the M1956.

M1956 [edit]

E German [edit]

M1956 Eastward German language Stahlhelm

The Eastward German G-56 helmet was originally designed in 1942 every bit a replacement for the M1935/M1940 model Stahlhelm. It was initially adult for the Wehrmacht by the Found for Defense Technical Materials Science in Berlin (see M1944 higher up). The helmet had seen trials since 1943 but was non adopted during World State of war Ii.^[36]

The design was not used until the requirement for a distinct High german helmet for the Volkspolizei and the National People'southward Ground forces arose. The East German leadership was motivated in large part by a want to avoid provoking the offence that using a traditional Stahlhelm blueprint would accept caused East Germany'south Warsaw Pact allies (particularly Czechoslovakia, Poland and the Soviet Spousal relationship),^[sixteen] but a more practical armed forces necessity was also nowadays due to the continued use of surplus Stahlhelmen by Westward High german units, in item edge guards. Moreover, the East Germans suspected the Westward could re-result the Stahlhelm on a full general basis in the Bundeswehr at any time and therefore needed a helmet that was easily distinguishable from that of their potential enemy. For both reasons, the 1942 pattern was probable called considering it was the most similar of all High german designs to the most recognizable Soviet helmets, in item the iconic SSh-twoscore design. Such a blueprint not simply served a political purpose but was one that NATO armies were unlikely to closely indistinguishable. Indeed, the 1000-56 was similar plenty in appearance to the SSh-twoscore that some Westerners failed to realize its German origins altogether and assumed the East Germans had adopted a Soviet design.

The M-56 helmet came in three basic versions, Modernistic ane or I/56, Modernistic 2 or I/57 and Modern 3 or I/71, and was widely sold (or given) to Third Globe armies.

West German language [edit]

Captain M1A1, every bit it was worn in a like class since 1956. The retirement began in 1992.

The West German M-56 Stahlhelm was a directly re-create of the U.S. M1 helmet. It was properly chosen "zweiteiliger Stahlhelm" (2-slice steel helmet). In 1958 the helmet was made as a one-piece helmet and renamed Stahlhelm M1A1. The M1A1 came in 3 sizes: 66, 68, and 71. This helmet was used until 1981 when a modified version was released and renamed the Helm1A1. Modifications included a 3-point mentum strap with the third betoken connecting at the nape, extra-large sizes, and a further adaptable liner.^[37]

The M1A1 Stahlhelm remained in service until 1992 when the Bundeswehr replaced it with a PASGT-derived kevlar helmet chosen the Gefechtshelm ("Combat helmet").

Decals and insignia [edit]

After Stahlhelm shells were painted, the colours of which varied by organization, small identification or insignia decals usually were affixed to one or both sides of the helmet. Well-nigh every armed services, naval, and political organization had its own distinctive insignia, which was applied as decals to the sides of helmets.^{[ citation needed ] [38]} The right side of early on M35 helmets bore the tricolored shield of black, white, and crimson stripes, the traditional national colors of the pre-WWI German Empire (cf. the black, red, and aureate of today's Federal Republic of Germany, harking back to the 1848 Revolt). The left side of the shell often received decal insignia denoting the branch of the armed forces, or Wehrmacht, or an organization within the Nazi Party.

The combined Wehrmacht military forces of Nazi Frg consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy), and the Luftwaffe (air forcefulness). While not technically role of the Wehrmacht, the Waffen-SS ("Armed-SS") tactically operated as such and was considered part of Frg's war machine during the war. The same was true of some Sturmabteilung (SA) units, along with other subsidiary organizations, which functioned equally part of the armed services particularly towards the end of the war. Wehrmacht branches typically displayed distinctive emblems in the form of decals on their helmets. The Heer, or army, displayed a black shield bearing the frontal view of a silvery-coloured German eagle holding a swastika in its talons (known as the Reichsadler), while the navy used the aforementioned hawkeye emblem in gilded. Luftwaffe decals displayed the side view of an eagle in flight, also property a swastika. The SS was both a paramilitary and a political organization, and its black runic initials on a silver-coloured shield (normally applied to the right side of the shell) looked similar twin lightning bolts. Other military, political, and ceremonious or defence organizations used similar decal insignia to distinguish their helmets. Such visible identification devices were gradually abandoned equally the state of war progressed, however, and then that by war's end near Wehrmacht helmet insignia had been eliminated to reduce the wearer's visibility in combat.

For the Chinese Nationalist Ground forces soldiers, their M35 helmets were stencilled with the Chinese Nationalist Insignia on the left side. Bolivian Army personnel conduct the national flag decal on their Stahlhelms when in the full dress.

Fiction [edit]

The High german army Stahlhelm, every bit well as the Japanese Kabuto, served as a template for the fictional grapheme's Darth Vader outfit in the Star Wars franchise.

Members of the Wolf Brigade, a fictional Japanese unit in the anime Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade are equipped with Stahlhelme, as well every bit Wehrmacht weapons of the 2d World War, including StG 44s and MG 42s.

Users [edit]

This section is missing information about which specific kinds — at minimum, whether information technology's from the classical coal-scuttle line or either of the M-56s. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk folio. (December 2021)

See also [edit]

• Pickelhaube
• Sallet
• Der Stahlhelm
• Wehrmacht uniforms
• Brodie helmet
• Adrian helmet

Notes [edit]

1. ^ jwh1975 (10 April 2016). "WWII equipment of the Bundesgrenzschutz". wwiiafterwwii. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
2. ^ Suciu, Peter (two Feb 2009). "The first modern steel gainsay helmet: the French 'Adrian'". Military Trader. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved xiii April 2014.
3. ^ "Infantry Helmets". Militaryheadgear.com. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
4. ^ "German Spare Parts". jonsmith-modellbau.com . Retrieved 26 Nov 2016.
5. ^ "WKI Gaede Stahlhelm". zib-militaria.de . Retrieved 26 November 2016.
6. ^ Tenner, Edward, and Edward Tenner. Our ain devices: The past and future of body technology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003, p.252
7. ^ Tubbs & Clawson (2000), p. x.
8. ^ Tenner, Edward (Summer 2003). "Hardheaded Logic: The Helmet is older than the city-state and newer than the aeroplane". American Heritage. nineteen (i). Archived from the original on August 28, 2008.
9. ^ Dunstan, Simon; Volstad, Ron (1984). Flak Jackets: 20th Century Armed services Torso Armour . Osprey Publishing. p. v. ISBN0-85045-569-3.
10. ^ Tenner, Edward, and Edward Tenner. Our ain devices: The past and future of body technology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003, pp. 252–253
11. ^ Thompson, Glenn (5 Oct 2014). "Artefacts: Vickers helmet". History Republic of ireland . Retrieved 28 September 2018.
12. ^ "Mº 35 de fibra". cascoscoleccion.com . Retrieved fourteen April 2018.
13. ^ "Mº 35 de fibra". cascoscoleccion.com . Retrieved 14 Apr 2018.
14. ^ "Mº Alemán ejército (fibra)". cascoscoleccion.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018.
15. ^ "Mº 35 (FAMAE)". cascoscoleccion.com . Retrieved fourteen April 2018.
16. ^ ^{a b} Tubbs & Clawson (2000), pp. 80–81.
17. ^ Mexicalisport, Redacción. "UABC MEXICALI CAMPEONES DE LA 1RA COPA LEONES DE BANDAS DE GUERRA – MexicaliSport" (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-08 .
18. ^ ^{a b} Bull, Stephen; Claw, Adam (2002). World War I Trench Warfare: 1914–16 . Osprey Publishing. pp. 10–eleven. ISBN1-84176-198-ii.
19. ^ Sheldon (2007), p. 219, quoted and translated from Gropp, History of IR 76, p. 159.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Ortner, G. Christian (2002). The Emperor'south coat in the First World War: Uniforms and equipment of the Austro-Hungarian army from 1914 to 1918. Vienna: Verlag Militaria. p. 141. ISBN978-iii-9501642-ane-3.
21. ^ "About WWI & WWII German & Austro-Hungarian Helmets". Alexander & Sons Restorations. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
22. ^ Grüßhaber, Gerhard (2018). The "German language Spirit" in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908–1938. A history of military knowledge transfer. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. p. 88. ISBN978-3110552898.
23. ^ Tubbs & Clawson (2000), p. 24.
24. ^ ^{a b} Bell, Brian C.; Lyles, Kevin (2004). Wehrmacht Combat Helmets 1933–45. Osprey Publishing. p. 12. ISBN1-84176-725-5.
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References [edit]

• Sheldon, Jack (2007). The German language Regular army on the Somme 1914–1916. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN978-1-84415-513-two. OCLC 72868781.
• Tubbs, Floyd R.; Clawson, Robert Due west. (2000). Stahlhelm: Evolution of the German language Steel Helmet (Revised and expanded ed.). Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN9780873386777. OCLC 43706682.
• Krause, Jürgen (1984). "Stahlhelme vom Ersten Weltkrieg bis zur Gegenwart" [Steel helmets from the First World War to the present] (PDF). Veröffentlichungen des Bayerischen Armeemuseums. Vol. 8 (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2016-08-13 . Special exhibition at Bayerisches Armeemuseum, Ingolstadt.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Stahlhelm at Wikimedia Commons

turnerfrok1948.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlhelm

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